Abstarct: Vibrations induced by train movements represent a fundamental challenge in railway and geotechnical engineering. Such vibrations affect not only the performance of the tracks and underlying infrastructure but can also generate significant disturbances in nearby structures, including buildings, bridges, and tunnels. In this study, the dynamic loads corresponding to train movement on tracks were simulated in ABAQUS using two types of track foundations: ballast and concrete slab. These loads were applied to two masonry structures at distances of 8 m and 16 m from the track and to a four-story steel structure at a distance of 16 m. Displacements of the structures were analyzed for three soil moduli (10, 30 and 60 MPa) under train speeds of 180, 240 and 300 km/h. Results indicate that for the concrete slab track, the steel structure exhibits significantly larger displacements than masonry structures. Conversely, masonry structures, due to their higher flexibility, absorb part of the vibrational energy, resulting in smaller displacements. In the ballast track scenario, the displacement differences between steel and masonry structures are minimal, suggesting that the ballast laxyer acts as a vibration absorber and reduces the influence of structural type. Increasing the building height affects dynamic characteristics, including natural frequency reduction and mode shape alterations, which can amplify displacement, particularly when train-induced frequencies approach the structure’s natural frequencies, leading to resonance. Moreover, vibrations tend to accumulate in higher floors of taller structures, producing greater displacements due to cumulative effects. Stiffer soils (higher elastic modulus) generally reduce structural displacement, whereas softer soils result in larger responses. These findings provide important insights for designing structures near railway tracks to mitigate vibration impacts.