Abstarct: Chronic low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders among women, which can affect motor performance, balance, quality of life, and cognitive indicators. Considering the growing tendency to use nonpharmacological and minimally invasive rehabilitation methods, Pilates exercises have attracted the attention of researchers and health professionals due to their safety, effectiveness, and emphasis on strengthening the core muscles. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Pilates training on motor performance and cognitive indicators in women with chronic low back pain. This study was a semi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest and control group. baxsed on G*Power software, the sample size was estimated to be 40 participants. Forty women with chronic low back pain were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of 20 participants each (Pilates training and control). The training intervention lasted for eight weeks, three sessions per week, with each session lasting 60 minutes. The evaluated variables included pain intensity, range of motion, trunk stability, quality of life, proprioception, static and dynamic balance, intelligence, visual perception, visual memory, and thoracolumbar fascia thickness. These variables were assessed using standard tools, including the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), McGill protocol, SF-12 questionnaire, Newcomer test, balance tests, Kim Karad and Wechsler tests, and GE ultrasound imaging. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality, Levene’s test for homogeneity of variances, and independent and paired t-tests for between- and within-group comparisons. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. baxsed on the obtained results, it can be concluded that Pilates exercises, by strengthening core muscles, improving motor control, and increasing flexibility, are effective not only in reducing pain intensity but also in enhancing functional and cognitive indicators in women with chronic low back pain. These findings suggest that regular participation in Pilates training can serve as a comprehensive and safe approach to improving the quality of life in these patients and may be recommended as part of rehabilitation and therapeutic protocols.