Abstarct: Taekwondo, recognized worldwide as an Olympic sport, involves kicking and punching techniques in combat that inherently carry a risk of injury. Approximately 67% of Taekwondo athletes have experienced at least one injury, with an incidence rate of 5.77 per 1,000 hours of training and competition. These injuries not only threaten the physical health of athletes but may also lead to absence from training and competition, reduced performance, negative psychological consequences, and considerable medical costs. Examining individual, training-related, functional, and psychological factors—particularly anxiety, risk-taking, and aggression—can contribute to targeted prevention and reduction of injuries. However, the role of these factors in the occurrence of injuries among Taekwondo athletes has not yet been comprehensively investigated; therefore, integrated studies in this area are essential. Accordingly, the present study aimed to examine the effects of personal, training, functional, and psychological characteristics on the occurrence of sports injuries in adolescent and young-adult Taekwondo athletes. This prospective observational study was conducted over 6 to 10 months during 2023–2024 on 156 adolescent and young-adult Taekwondo athletes from the provinces of Mazandaran and Semnan. Personal information and training profiles were collected using a researcher-designed form. Functional performance was evaluated through the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) and the triple crossover hop test, while psychological performance—including trait anxiety, risk-taking, and aggression—was assessed using standardized measures. Sports injuries were recorded biweekly and included both acute and overuse injuries, baxsed on the “time-loss” criterion. Data were analyzed using SPSS software through descxriptive statistics, independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analysis. In this study, 156 Taekwondo athletes with a mean age of approximately 17 years were assessed, of whom 57.7% were male and 42.3% female. Overall, 67.3% sustained at least one injury; the most common injury sites were the ankle and foot (26.87%), knee (20.15%), and lower leg (15.41%). Most injuries were classified as mild to moderate and associated with moderate pain. Logistic regression analysis revealed that individual factors such as sex, age, height, weight, and body mass index were not significant predictors of injury (p > 0.05). However, an increase in weekly training sessions raised the risk of injury by 25% per session, right-handed athletes were nearly three times more likely to sustain injuries, and psychological factors—including stimulus-seeking risk-taking (11% increase), trait anxiety (8.6% increase), and behavioral aggression (10.5% increase)—were significantly associated with injury occurrence (p < 0.05). Therefore, training programs should aim to prevent excessive weekly training loads, provide psychological interventions for managing anxiety and aggression, and ensure targeted monitoring of athletes, particularly right-handed athletes, in order to reduce the risk of injury.