Abstarct: In this study, aphids were collected from different hosts by direct collection and use of yellow blue traps from 2017-2018, and kept in 96% glass-bottomed alcohol. In the laboratory, they were prepared according to standard microscopic slides and identified to the surface of the species with different identification keys. In order to estimate the biodiversity of wheat aphids, systematic sampling was performed weekly from wheat including five cultivars of Gascogene, Mihan, Pishgam, Pishtaz and Saeones, each with an area of one hectare of arable land. In order to increase accuracy, three yellow blue traps were used per hectare. The number of aphids of each species was counted and recorded. The relative frequency of population of wheat aphids and their various biodiversity indicators were obtained by SPSS and Biodiversity Professional. 56 species of aphids belonging to 28 genera from 5 subfamilies were collected and identified in Esfarayen, and Aphis illinoisensis Shimer, 1866, was also reported for the first time in Iran. Microscopic slides are identified in the personal museum in the city of Esfarayen. Five wheat aphid species were identified and collected on wheat, among which Diuraphis noxia was more abundant than the others. Gascogene and Saeones cultivars had the highest rates of attracting different species of aphids. Comparison of biodiversity indicators showed that there were significant differences between Shannon-Weiner, Simpson and Hill indexes in different sampling dates in 2017, but there were no significant differences between them in 2018. Moreover, there were significant differences between Margalof and Macintosh indexes in each year on different sampling dates. The high rate of these indicators clearly shows a high level of biodiversity, an increase in species diversity and good distribution. Also, the high biodiversity index number indicates that the frequency of species or prevailing species has increased in the sampling area. The list of identified aphids is as follows: 1. Anoecia vagans (Koch) 2. Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko 3. A. lactucae (Passerini) 4. A. malvae (Mosley) 5. A. pisum (Harris) 6. Aphis craccivora Koch 7. A. fabae Scopoli 8. A. gossypii Glover 9. A. illinoisensis Shimer 10. A. nasturtii Kaltenbach 11. A. nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe 12. A. pomi De Geer 13. A. punicae Passerini 14. A. sambuci Linnaeus 15. A. solanella Theobald 16. A. citricola van der Goot 17. Aulacorthum circumflexum (Buckton) 18. A. solani (Kaltenbach) 19. Brachycaudus cardui (Linnaeus) 20. B. helichrysi (Kaltenbach) 21. B. prunicola (Kaltenbach) 22. B. tragopogonis (Kaltenbach) 23. Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) 24. Capitophorus elaeagni (Del Guercio) 25. Cavariella aegopodii (Scopoli) 26. Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 27. Dysaphis foeniculus (Theobald) 28. D. tulipae (Boyer de Fonscolombe) 29. D. plantaginea (Passerini) 30. Hayhurstia atriplicis (Linnaeus) 31. Hyadaphis coriandri (Das) 32. H. foeniculi (Passerini) 33. Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanchard) 34. H. pruni (Geoffroy) 35. Macrosiphum euphorbia (Thomas) 36. M. rosae (Linnaeus) 37. Myzus ascolonicus Doncaster 38. M. cymbalariae Stroyan 39. M. persicae (Sulzer) 40. Nearctaphis bakeri (Cowen) 41. Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) 42. R. nymphaeae (Linnaeus) 43. R. padi (Linnaeus) 44. Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) 45. Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) 46. Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) 47. U. composite (Theobald) 48. Calaphis juglandis (Geoze) 49. Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) 50. Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) 51. Forda hirsuta Mordvilko 52. Geoica setulosa (Passerini) 53. G. utricularia (Passerini) 54. Slavum mordvilkoi Kreutzberg 55. Cinara cupressi (Buckton) 56. Pterochloroides persicae (Cholodkovsky) The first step in implementing an integrative management plan is to select and plant a suitable cultivar. According to the results, it is suggested that wheat crops should not be used from two Saeones and Gascogene cultivars in Esfarayen. Pishgam, Pishtaz and Mihan cultivars are more suitable for Esfarayen, as they are less attractive for aphids than and are more productive and compatible with the region’s climate.